ECONOMICS -CONSUMER RIGHTS - I

Q1. Why are rules and regulations required in the marketplace? Illustrate with a few examples.

l      Individual consumers often find themselves in a weak position.

l       Whenever there is a complaint regarding a good or service that had been bought, the seller tries to shift all the responsibility on to the buyer.

l      Their position usually is – “If you didn’t like what you bought, please go elsewhere”.

l      Markets do not work in a fair manner when producers are few and powerful whereas consumers purchase in small amounts and are scattered

Q2. Enlist  various ways by which consumers  get  exploited in the market.

l      Sometimes traders indulge in unfair trade practices such as when shopkeepers weigh / measure less than what they should.

l      When traders add charges that were not mentioned before.

l      When adulterated/defective goods are sold.

l      When giving sub standard quality.

l      When the shopkeeper behave roughly.

l      When there is lack of safety devices in electrical goods.

l      When false information is passed on through the media, and other sources to attract consumers.

l      For example, a company for years sold powder milk for babies all over the world as making false claims this to be better than mother’s milk.

l      Many times producers are not ready to write warning on their products e.g. cigarette companies.

Q3. Mention  three factors which gave birth to consumer movement in India

l      The consumer movement arose out of dissatisfaction of the consumers, as many unfair practices were being indulged in by the sellers.

l      There was no legal system available to consumers to protect them from exploitation in the marketplace.

l      It was presumed that it was the responsibility of consumers to be careful while buying a commodity or service.

l      There was no awareness amongst people regarding their duties and rights.

l      It was presumed that  the sellers has the responsibility of ensuring quality of goods and services

Q4. Trace the evolution of consumer movement in India. /Critically examine the progress of consumer movement in India.

Ants:

l      In India, the consumer movement as a ‘social force’ originated with the necessity of protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair trade practices.

l      Rampant food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, adulteration of food and edible oil gave birth to the consumer movement in an organised form in the 1960s.

l       Till the 1970s, consumer organisations were largely engaged in writing articles and holding exhibitions. They formed consumer groups to look into the malpractices in ration shops and overcrowding in the road passenger transport.

l      Because of all these efforts, the movement succeeded in bringing pressure on business firms as well as government to correct business conduct which may be unfair and against the interests of consumers at large.

Q5. What should be the role of the government to protect consumers? Explain .

Ans:

l      The government should make rules and regulations.

l      The government should get these rules enforced strictly.

l      Defaulters should punished severely

l      Government should educate people about their rights and duties as consumers.

Q6. Name three measures adopted by the government to protect consumers

Ans:

l      Legislative measures- A major step taken in 1986 by the Indian government was the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act 1986, popularly known as COPRA.

l      Administrative measures- PDS or Fair Price shops

l      Technical measures- ISI, AGMARK, BIS, HALLMARK

Q7. Mention your  responsibilities as a  consumer

Ans:

l      Look at the quality of the product         

l      Ask for guarantee card

l      Ask for cash memo

l      Check  the quantity of the product

l      To check the date of manufacturing      

l      To check the date of expiry

l      Check the MRP                                              

l      To check the seal of ISI, BIS , Agmark

www.geographyclassxi.blogspot.com

See my new blog for class XI

MAP SYLLABUS -MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

FOR LOCATING AND LABELLING ONLY

1. Cotton Textile Industry : Mumbai,Indore,Ahmedabad,Surat,Kanpur,Coimbatore and Madurai
2. Woollen Industries : Srinagar,Amritsar,Ludhiana,Panipat,Mirzapur and Jamnagar
3. Silk Industry : Anantnag,Srinagar,Murshidabad and Mysore
4. Iron and Steel Plants :Burnpur,Durgapur,Bokaro,Jamshedpur,Rourkela,         
                                  Bhilai,Vijaynagar,Bhadravati,Vishakhapatnam  and Salem
5. Software Technology Parks :Mohali, Noida,Jaipur,Gandhinagar,Indore,Mumbai,Pune, Kolkata,Bhubaneshwar,Vishakhapatnam,Hyderabad,Bangalore,Mysore,Chennai and Thiruvananthapuram

CLASS X CHAPTER 5 MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES PART I

1 What is a mineral?

Ans. Minerals are a “homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.” Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc

2. What  are the basis of classification of  minerals by the geologists.

Ans. Geologists use the properties such as colours, hardness, crystal forms, lustre and density to classify the minerals.

3  What are ores?

Ans. Minerals found in their raw form is called as “ores”. That means ore is an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements.

4  Mention any two factors which determine the  extraction of minerals.

Ans. Extraction of any mineral depends upon its  commercial viability

Commercial viability depends on the following factors:

1. Concentration: The mineral content of the ore must be in sufficient concentration to make its extraction commercially viable.

2. Ease of extraction: The type of formation or structure in which they are found determines the relative ease with which mineral ores may be mined. This also determines the cost of extraction.

3. Market and demand of mineral makes some minerals more commercially viable.

5 Explain the main types of formations in which minerals occur.

Ans. Minerals generally occur in the following  forms:

(i) In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes. In most cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid/ molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface. They cool and solidify as they rise. Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtained from veins and lodes.

(ii) In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. Coal and some forms of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of long periods under great heat and pressure. Another group of sedimentary minerals include gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt. These are formed as a result of evaporation especially in arid regions.

(iii) Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of surface rocks, and the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way.

(iv) Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’ and generally contain minerals, which are not corroded by water. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are most important among such minerals.

(v) The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals, but most of these are too widely diffused to be of economic significance. However, common salt, magnesium and bromine are largely derived from ocean waters. The ocean beds, too, are rich in manganese nodules.

6 What is Rat-Hole Mining?

Ans. In the tribal areas of the north-east India, minerals are owned by individuals or communities. In Meghalaya, there are large deposits of coal, iron ore, limestone and dolomite etc. Mining in these areas is done by family member in the form of a long narrow tunnel, known as ‘Rat hole’ mining.

7 Which are the two types of mining

1. Surface mining  -Which includes An open pit mine and quarrying

2. Sub-surface mining (An underground mine with shafts)

8  Describe the general distribution of mineral resources in India.

Ans. India has rich and a large variety of minerals.

a. Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica and many other non-metallic minerals.

b. Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern coasts, in Gujarat and Assam have most of the petroleum deposits.

c. The rock systems of the Rajasthan have reserves of many non-ferrous minerals.

d. The vast alluvial plains of north India are almost without minerals.

e. These variations exist largely because of the differences in the geological structure, processes and time involved in the formation of minerals.

9 Give reason for the variation in the uneven distribution of minerals in India.

The variation in the uneven distribution of minerals in India. exist largely because of the differences in the geological structure, processes and time involved in the formation of minerals

Which are the two types of Iron  ore found in India ?

Types of iron ore in India:

a. Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron up to 70 percent. It has excellent magnetic qualities.

b. Hematite ore has slightly lower iron content than magnetite (50-60 per cent). It is largest used type of iron ore in Indian industries

10 Describe the distribution of Iron ore in India

Distribution of iron ore:

a. The five largest iron producing states are Karnataka, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Goa and Jharkhand.

b. Iron ore is found in the four belts

i. Orissa-Jharkhand belt: high grade hematite ore is found. Important mines are Badampahar and Singbhum mines.

ii. Durg-Bastar belt lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra: Very high grade hematite are found. Famous mine are Bailadila which produces iron best suited for steel making.

iii. Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt in Karnataka has large reserves of iron ore.

iv. Maharashtra-Goa belt includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra.

11 Name the mines  and the ports through whichiron-ore is exported

Export of iron ore:

a. Hematite ore from Bailadila mines are exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakapatnam port.

b. The Kudremukh mines located in the Western Ghats of Karnataka are a 100 per cent export unit. Kudremukh deposits are known to be one of the largest in the world. The ore is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangalore.

c. Iron ore from Goa is not of very high quality, yet they are exported through Marmagao port.

12  What are the uses of Manganese ?

Uses of Manganese:

a. It is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy.

b. Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of steel.

c. It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints.

13  Name the leading producer of manganese in India

Orissa is the largest producer of manganese in India.

14. What are the uses of copper:

1. Copper is malleable, ductile and a good conductor therefore it is mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries

 15 Which is the leading producer of Copper in India ? 

 Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer of copper in India

16. Describe the distribution of copper in India

Distribution of copper:

a. Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer of copper in India. The Balaghat mines

in Madhya Pradesh produce 52 per cent of India’s copper.

b. Rajasthan is the second largest producer of copper. The Khetri mines in Rajasthan are famous.

c. The Singbhum district of Jharkhand is also a leading producer of copper.

d. India is critically deficient in the reserve and production of copper.

17 What are the uses of Bauxite:

a. Bauxite is the ore which contain aluminium. It is from bauxite, a clay-like substance that alumina and later aluminium is obtained.

b. Aluminium is an important metal because it has strength of iron; it is extremely light, good conductor of electricity and great malleability.

c. It is used in electrical industries, aircraft manufacturing industries, utensils making, etc.

18 Describe the Distribution of Bauxite:

a. Orissa, Gujarat, Jharkhand and Maharashtra are the important bauxite producing states of India.

b. Orissa is the largest bauxite producing state in India with 45 per cent of the country’s total production in 2000-01. Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district are the most important bauxite deposits in the state.

19 What are the uses of mica:

a. Mica has excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage.

b. Therefore, mica is one of the largest used mineral in electric and electronic industries.

20 Describe the Distribution of Mica:

a. Jharkhand is the leading producer of mica in India.

b. Mica deposits are found in the northern edge of the Chota Nagpur plateau.

c. It is also found in Rajasthan, the major mica producing area is around Ajmer.

d. Nellore mica belt of Andhra Pradesh is also an important producer in the country.

21 What are the uses of Limestone

 Limestone is the basic raw material for the cement industry and essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.

22 Describe the distribution of limestone in India

a . Limestone is found in rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates.

b. It is found in sedimentary rocks of most geological formations.

c. Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu are the major limestone producing states of India.

23 What are the impacts of mining on the health of the miners and the environment?

Ans. Mining can become a killer industry. Its effects are:

a. The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases.

b. The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coalmines are a constant threat to miners.

c. The water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining.

d. Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil, and increase in stream and river pollution

24  Explain why the conservation of minerals is necessary in India.

Ans. Minerals are important for every country for its development. They need to be conserved.

a. Industry and agriculture depend upon mineral deposits.

b. Minerals are in insufficient quantities, just one per cent of the earth’s crust.

c. We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that required millions of years to be created and concentrated.

d. The natural rate of replenishment is very small in comparison to the present rates of consumption.

e. Mineral resources are non-renewable resources.

f. Rich mineral deposits in our country are short-lived.

g. Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as mineral extraction.

25 Mention different steps or ways of conserving our mineral resources.

Ans. Minerals has to be conserved for the future generations.

a. A concerted effort has to be made in order to use our mineral resources in a planned and sustainable manner.

b. Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low costs.

c. Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes are steps in conserving our mineral resources for the future.

Mineral and Energy resource -Map Syllabus

Identification Only
Iron-ore - Mayurbhanj,Durg ,Bailadila,Kudremukh,Bellary

Mica-Ajmer,Bewar,Nellore,Gaya,Hazaribagh

Coal-Raniganj,jharia,Bokaro,Talcher,Jharia,Korba,Singrauli,Singareni,Neyveli
Oil-fields- Bassein,Mumbai High,Nahrkatiya,Digboi,Kalol,and Ankaleshwar

Power Plants (Locate and labelling only )

Thermal-Namrup,Talcher,Singrauli,,Harduaganj,Korba,Uran,Namrup,Ramagundam,Vijaywada,and Tuticorin

Nuclear-Narora,RawatBhata,Kakrapara,Tarapur,Kaiga,Kalpakkam

SYLLABUS FOR TERM II (SA II) CLASS X

GEOGRAPHY

5. Mineral and Energy Resources

6. Manufacturing  Industries

7. Life Lines of National Economy

ECONOMICS

3. Money and Credit

4. Globalisation and The Indian Economy 

5. Consumer Rights

MCQ ON WATER RESOURCES

M C Q

CHAPTER 3

WATER RESOURCES

1. Which one of the following multi purpose river valley project is constructed on  River Mahanadi ?

A) Tehri     B) Hirakud  C) Rana Pratap Sagar  D) ThungaBhadra

2) What is the name given  to the diversion channels of the western Himalayas ?

 A) Guls or Kuls  B) Khadins  C) Johads    D)Phalodi

3. What is the name given to the agricultural fields, which were converted in to rainfed storage structures, in the semi-arid regions of Rajasthan?

A) Khadins   B) Tankas    C) Kuls  D)  Guls

4. What is Palar Pani as referred by the people of Rajasthan?

A)   Milk  B) River water  C)Spring water D) Rain Water

5. Which one of the following state has made roof rainwater harvesting compulsory for all the houses across the state ?

A)   Kerala  B) Rajasthan C) Tamil Nadu  D) Haryana

6. Which one of the river valley project has been constructed on River Satluj?

A) Tehri   B) Salal  C) Rana pratap Sagar   D) Bhakra Nangal

7.   Which  dam is built on River Krishna ?

A) Periyar  B) Mettur  C) Nagarjuna Sagar    D) Hirakud

8. Which one of the following is also called as the temples of modern India ?

A)   Tankas  B) Johads  C) Dams  D) Khadins

9.  Which one of the following place has earned the rare distinction of being rich in harvested rainwater?

  A) Gendathur  B ) Phalodi C ) Bikaner    D) Barmer

10. Which one of the following statement is true for a Multipurpose river valley project?

A) It can store the entire rain water received in a region

B) It fragment rivers, which makes it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate

C) It will not affect the cropping pattern of a region

D) It will not affect the natural flow of a river

11. Narmada Bachavo Andolan was a

A) Social movement B) Industrial workers movement C) Movement for the construction of dam D) Water movement

12.  Against the construction of which one of the following multipurpose projects was the Narmada Bachao Andolan launched?

A) Sardar Sarovar

B) Bhakra Nangal

C) Rihand

D) Tehri

13. Dams, Lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built during the reign of

  A.   Bimbisara B Harsha  C Chandra Gupta maurya D. Ashoka

14 Krishna-Godavari dispute is due to the objections raised by the governments of 

A)   Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh 

B)   Karnataka and Tamil Nadu 

C)    Maharashtra- Andhra Pradesh

D)   Kerala -Karnataka

ANSWERS

    1 B) Hirakud 

    2 A) Guls or Kuls 

    3 A) Khadins  

    4 D) Rain Water

    5 C) Tamil Nadu 

   6   D) Bhakra Nangal

   7   C) Nagarjuna Sagar    

   8  C) Dams  

  9 A) Gendathur  

  10  B) It fragment rivers, which makes it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate

11. .A) Social movement

12.(A) Sardar Sarovar

13 C Chandra Gupta maurya

14  A)   Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh 

CLASS X MAP RESERVED /PROTECTED FOREST

CLASS X MAP WATER RESOURCES

class x map national parks/wildlife sanctuaries

economics chapter 2 sectors of indian economy contd.....

How to Protect Workers in  the Unorganised Sector?

In the rural areas, the unorganised sector mostly comprises of landless agricultural labourers, small and marginal  farmers

These farmers need to be supported through adequate facility for timely delivery of seeds, agricultural inputs, credit, storage facilities and marketing outlets.

In the urban areas, unorganized sector comprises mainly of workers in

small-scale industry, casual workers in construction, trade and transport

etc., and those who work as street vendors, head load workers, garment

makers, rag pickers etc.

Small-scale industry also needs government’s support for procuring raw material and marketing of output. The casual workers in both rural and urban areas need to be protected.

Why is Protection and support to the unorganised sector

workers   necessary ?

Protection and support to the unorganised sector

workers is  necessary for both economic and social development

These people are highly exploited by their employers

In India we have a large number of people both in the rural and urban areas working in the unorganised sector

Their social and economic upliftment is possible only if they are protected

 

How to create more employment ?

Agricultural sector

      Can increase employment by increasing the number of crops grown with proper irrigation

      Development of transport network can promote marketing , which will encourage farmers to produce more.

      This will also generate more employment in the transport sector

      Provision of  cheap agricultural credit to the farmers will improve

      Identify, promote and locate industries and services in semi-rural areas where a large number of people may be employed.

      Every state or region has potential for increasing the income and

          employment for people in that area.It could be tourism, or

         regional craft industry, or new services like IT.

Write a note on NREGA

• It is called National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005

    (NREGA 2005).

• Under NREGA 2005, all those who are able to, and

    are in need of, work have been guaranteed 100 days of employment

    in a year by the government.

• If the government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment allowances to the people.
• The types of work that would in future help to increase the

     production from land will be given preference under the Act.

class x economics sectors of indian economy -contd.......

Classify sectors of economy based on the employment activities.

organized sector.

The unorganised

1. Organised sector covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and therefore, people have assured work. 2. They are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations which are given in various laws such as the Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, Payment of Gratuity Act, Shops and Establishments Act etc 3. It has some formal processes and procedures. 4.  Some of these people may not be employed by anyone but may work on their own but they too have to register themselves with the government and follow the rules and regulations. 5. Workers in the organised sector enjoy security of employment. 6. They are expected to work only a fixed number of hours. If they work more,they have to be paid overtime by the employer. 7. They also get several other benefits from the employers 8. They get paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity etc. They are supposed to get medical benefits and, under the laws, the factory manager has to ensure facilities like drinking water and a safe working environment. When they retire, these workers get pensions as well.

1. Unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. 2. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed. 3. Jobs here are low-paid and often not regular. 4.There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc. 5. Employment is not secure. People can be asked to leave without any reason. When there is less work, such as during some seasons, some people may be asked to leave. A lot also depends on the whims of the employer. 6. This sector includes a large number of people who are employed on their own doing small jobs such as selling on the street or doing repair work. Similarly, farmers work on their own and hire labourers as and when they require.

Classifying economic activities into sectors  on the basis of  ownership

PUBLIC SECTOR	PRIVATE SECTOR
1. In the public sector, the government owns most of the assets and provides all the services 2. Railways or post office is an example 3.The purpose of the public sector is not just to earn profits. 4.Governmentundertake such heavy spending to ensure that various  facilities are available for everyone.	1. In the private sector, ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individuals or companies. 2. Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO) or Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) are privately owned 3. Activities in the private sector are guided by the motive to earn profits.